7. Niveles de desempeño asociados a mejores técnicas disponibles
Con una combinación apropiada de medidas primarias y secundarias, se asocian a mejores técnicas disponibles los niveles de PCDD/PCDF en emisiones atmosféricas de un máximo de 0.1 ng EQT-I /Nm3 (con 11% O2). Se observa además que en condiciones normales de funcionamiento, se pueden obtener emisiones inferiores en una planta incineradora de desechos bien diseñada.
Se asocian a mejores técnicas disponibles niveles de concentración de PCDD/PCDF muy por debajo de 0.1 ng EQT-I /l en descargas de aguas residuales provenientes de plantas de tratamiento de efluentes que reciben efluentes de la depuración de gases de combustión.
Referencias
Basel Convention Secretariat. 2002. Technical Guidelines on the Environmentally Sound Management of Biomedical and Health-Care Waste. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, UNEP, Geneva.
Health Care Without Harm. 2001. Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies. Chapter 11. Health Care Without Harm, Washington, D.C. www.noharm.org/nonincineration. Health Care Without Harm Europe. 2004. Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies in Europe. www.noharm.org.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2005. Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases. UNEP, Geneva. www.pops.int/documents/guidance/Toolkit_2005.pdf.
WHO (World Health Organization). 1999. Safe Management of Wastes from Health Care Activities. WHO, Geneva.
WHO (World Health Organization). 2004 Safe health-care waste management; Policy Paper
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2005 Basel Convention Technical Guidelines: General technical guidelines for the environmentally sound management of wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Otras fuentes
CCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment). 2001. Canada-Wide Standards for Dioxins and Furans for Incineration. CCME, Winnipeg.
www.ccme.ca/initiatives/standards.html?category_id=50#23.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources and Emission Guidelines for Existing Sources: Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators: Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 60. EPA, Washington, D.C. www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/1997/September/Day-15/a23835.htm.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2000. Federal Plan Requirements for Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerators Constructed on or before June 20, 1996: Final Rule. 40 CFR Part 62. EPA, Washington, D.C.
www.epa.gov/fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2000/August/Day-15/a20341.htm.
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2004. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Proposed Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors. Draft. EPA, Washington, D.C. www.epa.gov/fedrgstr.
European Commission. 2000. “Directive 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste.” Official Journal of the European Communities L332:91.
European Commission. 2006. Reference Document on Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration. BAT Reference Document (BREF). European IPPC Bureau, Seville, Spain. eippcb.jrc.es/pages/FActivities.htm.
Giroletti E. and Lodola L. 1993. Waste Treatment and Management. Medical Waste Treatment: ISPRA courses. unipv.it/webgiro/ricerch/Public/ISPRA93-medicalWaste.pdf.
Institute for Environmental Medicine and Hospital Hygiene. 2000. “Practical Guide for Optimising the Disposal of Hospital Waste: Reduction and Utilisation of Hospital Waste, with the Focus on Hazardous, Toxic and Infectious Waste.” LIFE96ENV/D/10. University Clinical Centre, Freiburg.
Stubenvoll J., Böhmer S. et al. 2002. State of the Art for Waste Incineration Plants. Umweltbundesamt, Vienna.
www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/umweltthemen/industrie/pdfs/english_version.pdf.
UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). 1998. Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants. New York and Geneva. www.unece.org/env/lrtap/full%20text/1998.POPs.e.pdf.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2005. Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases Edition 2.1. UNEP, Geneva. www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pcdd_activities/toolkit/Toolkit%202-%20version/Toolkit-2005_2-1_en.pdf.
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